In short, the theory is as follows: during muscle training, tiny tears are produced, which are replaced by new fibers by the cellular satellites at restoration.

The term hypertrophy means "excessive growth," and in terms of muscles, it is understood to be enlarged muscles usually developed by training. There is a debate in the sphere of the physiology of whether muscles are enlarged by the addition of new muscle fibers, a process called hyperplasia, existing muscle fibers divide and form new ones, or muscles grow in the thickening of the already existing muscle fibers. The muscle thickening screen is a common belief.



Some study

Comparing world-class athletes with untrained students show that muscle fibers of both groups have similar dimensions seen under the microscope, although bodybuilders obviously have much larger muscles later studies have shown that bodybuilders have much more muscle fibers than The hypothesis is that long intensive and heavy workouts lead to hyperplasia of the muscle fibers.

The muscle size is related to the controversial area of muscle fibers and their density. By thickening muscle fibers as a result of the compensatory effect of heavy workouts, muscles become bigger and stronger. But the big muscles are not always strong. Muscle strength is determined by a combination of factors including beneficial mechanisms and connective tissue. The most important is the increase in muscle shrinkable proteins, namely actin and myosin.



Some pathological conditions present great but, paradoxically, weak muscles.
Not only ATP, CF and glycogen but also muscle protein are actively involved in the mechanism of muscle contraction, consuming more the heavier the workload. Its over-rewarding phase occurs after glycogen recovery but before that of ATP, as the energy coming from the degradation of ATP provides an energy resonance of the proteins.

The restoration phase is significantly longer than 24 hours, confirming once again a basic bodybuilding concept - splitting the muscles into two groups to be trained in 48 hours, the so- double split method or even three groups to be loaded at 72 hours This method called "triple split" is recommended during the basal period of muscle mass build-up.



Regular bodybuilding activities provide ever higher levels of over-recovery and, ultimately, the volume of muscles increases significantly and steadily. This phenomenon is called working hypertrophy. The increase in muscle mass is inextricably linked to the improvement of the muscles as well as the whole musculoskeletal system. It activates and improves the activity of all organs and systems of the body, increases the working capacity, improves the health of the occupant.



Although we will return to these problems many times, it is still appropriate to look at two issues related to muscle hypertrophy. It refers to nutrition during the intense increase in muscle mass and the effect on this process of androgenic hormones.

As with the recovery of the body's energy supplies, it is necessary to take appropriate foods (and in the case of carbohydrates), and effective muscle tissue resonance cannot be achieved without providing full-fledged proteins. Proper nutrition in bodybuilding is as important as proper training.

Factors influencing the growth of muscles

• Amino acids - amino acids are the building material for the construction of new tissue.
• Hormones - they directly affect the speed of reading the information from DNA and the synthesis of RNA-matrices on which proteins are built into the muscle cell.
• Creatine phosphate - in simple terms, it serves as a reservoir of high-energy phosphate bonds in muscle and nerve cells, which helps maintain optimal levels of ATP during muscle activity, which in turn reduces the level of ATP in the cell.
• The optimal concentration of hydrogen ions (H +) - hydrogen ions in a special way affect the DNA molecule - under their influence the helix unfolds and the necessary for the capture of hormones to DNA sites become readily available which facilitates the onset of protein synthesis.



In order for the muscle to grow, it is first necessary to give it enough building material, which means that for effective anabolism, we must maintain high levels of amino acids in the blood. You yourself see that eating is not the last but it is extremely important to create the conditions for muscle growth. But for the actual process energy is needed.

Many people think that the main goal of creatine phosphate is to help us perform heavier workouts by lifting heavier weights (increasing strength and stamina), but this is not the case - creatine should be taken as a mainstay with energy the process of protein synthesis or, to put it simply, for muscle growth.



Hormones

It is known that severe exercise stimulates the secretion of testosterone and growth hormone. But the question arises as to how intense it should be. The answer is a lot (unless you use hormonal preparations)! The volume of work done should be as large as possible, which means that the number of the series should be large.

On the other hand, the same, heavy and long-lasting workouts that have been carried out for a long time inevitably lead to stagnation and over-training. The point is that the endocrine gland resource is not infinite. Sooner or later (for each different depending on genetics, quality of rest and nutrition) there is a time when the muscles cannot recover completely, and even more - the immune system is completely at zero, you become ill often and every slight cold threatens to become something heavier.

Remember that more than 2 (up to 3) weeks of intensive, volume training for hypertrophy will greatly impede your endocrine system. Therefore, it is important to take breaks during which the glands with internal secretion will be able to rest.


 
Hydrogen ions

When the muscle strains, the breakdown of ATP to ADP, phosphate group and hydrogen ions begin to release energy. The longer the muscle is stretched, the greater the concentration of hydrogen ions in it, and you already know how important they are to protein synthesis (they help unravel DNA).

ATP -> ADF + F (group) + H (+ hydrogen ions) + E (energy)

Remember: The main goal of all hypertrophy workouts is to create an optimal concentration of hydrogen ions in the muscle.

Fast and slow muscle fibers

You have certainly heard the definitions of slow and fast muscle fibers, but do you know what they mean and what is more - what kind of them predominates in you? In fact, the two main types of muscle fibers are named quite well. The white muscular fibers (sometimes referred to as Type I fibers) produce less force, shrink much more slowly, rely mainly on energy fats, resist fatigue, and grow slower and worse. Fast (often called Type II fibers) produce more strength, shrink quickly, depend on energy for glucose, become tired and grow well when properly trained.



Slow fiber training
Exercises must be performed with weights that represent 30-50% of the maximum. The amount of reps does not really matter - but it's usually about 20-30 repetitions. There must be no refusal.

Fast fiber training

The working weight should be 80-90% of the maximum limit, which ensures that the fast fibers work. Repeats are from 3 to 5, and the series from 10 up, with no refusal. Breaks of more than 48 hours are done only when the endocrine system has to be restored (glands with an internal secretion that produce important hormones such as testosterone and growth hormone).